Revenue adjustment processes

ABSTRACT

In a system that provides an open exchange environment to connect business entities through a network, methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, for performing a revenue adjustment process to distribute one of a revenue surplus or a revenue deficit amongst business entities involved in one or more transactions from which the one of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit originates over a predefined time interval, the performing including identifying a set of business entities involved in the one or more transactions to which the one of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit is to be distributed; and determining a proportion of the one of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit to which each business entity of the set is distributed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority based on U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/764,068 for “Online Advertising Multi-NetworkTransaction Method and System” filed Jan. 31, 2006, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 60/764,067 for “Multi-NetworkTransaction Method and System” filed Jan. 31, 2006, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 60/817,848 for “Revenue AdjustmentsProcesses” filed Jun. 30, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

This application is also related to the following co-pendingapplications, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by referencein its entirety:

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/964,961, entitled “System and Methodfor Learning and Prediction for Online Advertisements,” filed Oct. 14,2004;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/006,121, entitled “Method and Systemfor Pricing Online Advertisements,” filed Dec. 7, 2004;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No.20387-002001), entitled “Open Media Exchange Platforms,” filedconcurrently with this application;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No.20387-003001), entitled “Open Exchange Platforms,” filed concurrentlywith this application;

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No.20387-006001), entitled “Global Constraints In Open Exchange Platforms,”filed concurrently with this application; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No.20387-008001), entitled “Entity Linking In Open Exchange Platforms,”filed concurrently with this application.

BACKGROUND

This description relates to revenue adjustment processes.

Electronic exchanges, including online auctions, have proliferated alongwith the Internet. These electronic exchanges aim to provide a highdegree of trading efficiency by bringing together a large number ofbuyers and sellers. Such centralized exchanges are focused on directlymatching the bids/offers of buyers and sellers, and do not recognize oraccount for pre-existing relationships or agreements with otherexchanges or between parties to the transaction, such as between (i)buyers and sellers, (ii) intermediaries (e.g., brokers, which may be abuyer or seller), or (iii) buyers or sellers and intermediaries.

The proliferation of Internet activity has also generated tremendousgrowth for advertising on the Internet. Typically, advertisers (i.e.,buyers of ad space) and online publishers (sellers of ad space) haveagreements with one or more advertising networks (ad networks), whichprovide for serving an advertiser's banner or ad across multiplepublishers, and concomitantly provide for each publisher having accessto a large number of advertisers. Ad networks (which may also managepayment and reporting) may also attempt to target certain Internet userswith particular advertisements to increase the likelihood that the userwill take an action with respect to the ad. From an advertiser'sperspective, effective targeting is important for achieving a highreturn on investment (ROI).

Online advertising markets display inefficiencies when buyers andsellers are unable to transact. For instance, although a publisher maybe subscribed to many ad networks, and one or more of those ad networksmay transact inventory with other ad networks, only one of the adnetworks to which the publisher is subscribed will be involved inselling (e.g., auctioning) a given ad space for the publisher. Thepublisher, or a gatekeeper used by the publisher, selects or prioritizeswhich ad network (or advertiser having a direct agreement with thepublisher) will serve the impression for a given ad request. Thus, thenumber of buyers for a given ad request is limited and, similarly,advertisers have limited access to ad requests.

SUMMARY

In a system that provides an open exchange environment to connectbusiness entities through a network, in one aspect, the inventionfeatures a computer-implemented method that includes performing arevenue adjustment process to distribute one of a revenue surplus or arevenue deficit amongst business entities involved in one or moretransactions from which the one of the revenue surplus or the revenuedeficit originates over a predefined time interval. Performing therevenue adjustment process includes identifying a set of businessentities involved in the one or more transactions to which the one ofthe revenue surplus or the revenue deficit is to be distributed; anddetermining a proportion of the one of the revenue surplus or therevenue deficit to which each business entity of the set is distributed.

Implementations of the invention may include one or more of thefollowing.

Each of the one or more transactions may involve an online advertisementcreative to be displayed on a web page associated with one of thebusiness entities of the set. The business entities involved in the oneor more transactions may include an advertiser, one or moreadvertisement networks, and one or more publishers.

The advertiser may have a relationship with a first of the one or moreadvertisement networks, the relationship being defined in part by a lineitem related to an online advertisement creative being offered fordisplay on a web page. The line item may include a unit price for theonline advertisement creative, the unit price being adjusted based onone of the following units: impressions, clicks, conversions, andrevenue.

At least one of the one or more publishers may have a relationship withthe first of the one or more advertisement networks. The relationshipmay be defined in part by a line item related to an online advertisementspace of a web page.

At least one of the one or more publishers may have a relationship witha second of the one or more advertisement networks. The relationship maybe defined in part by a line item related to an online advertisementspace of a web page.

The method of identifying the set of business entities may includeexcluding, from the set of business entities to which the one of therevenue surplus or the revenue deficit is to be distributed, anypublisher that has an exclusive relationship with the second of the oneor more advertisement networks.

The method may further include measuring, by the system, an amount ofactivity related to the online advertisement creative during thepredefined time interval. The system-measured amount of activity may beexpressed as a value with a unit identifier, the unit identifier beingbased on one of the following: impressions, clicks, conversions, andrevenue.

The method may include receiving a request for a revenue adjustment froman advertiser associated with the online advertisement creative. Therevenue adjustment request may provide an advertiser-measured amount ofactivity, associated with the online advertisement creative over thepredefined time interval, expressed as a value with a unit identifier,the unit identifier being based on one of the following: impressions,clicks, conversions, and revenue.

Each of the one or more transactions involves a particular product,commodity or service that is being offered for purchase or sale by afirst of the business entities. The method may include identifying asystem-measured aggregate amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service over the predefined timeinterval. The method may include measuring, by the system, the amount ofactivity associated with the particular product, commodity or servicefor each of the business entities of the set over each of one or moreportions of the predefined time interval. The method may includereceiving a request for a revenue adjustment from the first of thebusiness entities, the revenue adjustment request identifying afirst-entity-measured aggregate amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service over the predefined timeinterval.

The method for determining a proportion of the one of the revenuesurplus or the revenue deficit to which each business entity of the setis distributed may include calculating a weighted adjustment; and foreach business entity, generating an interval-based activity amountdisparity by applying the weighted adjustment to a system-measuredamount of activity associated with the particular product, commodity orservice for that business entity during each of the one or more portionsof the predefined time interval; and determining the proportion of theone of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit to which the businessentity is distributed based on the interval-based activity amountdisparity generated for each of the one or more portions of thepredefined time interval. The weighed adjustment may be calculatedaccording to the formula (x−y)/y, where x is a value that represents afirst-entity-measured aggregate amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service over the predefined timeinterval, and y is a value that represent a system-measured aggregateamount of activity associated with the particular product, commodity orservice over the predefined time interval.

Other general aspects include other combinations of the aspects andfeatures described above and other aspects and features expressed asmethods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, and in otherways.

Other features and advantages will become apparent from the descriptionand the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an open media exchange environment.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a process for facilitating an onlineadvertisement transaction.

FIG. 3 schematically depicts an environment in which a transactionmanagement system provides a platform for facilitating onlineadvertisement transactions; and

FIGS. 4-8 each schematically depict a hierarchical auction process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a transaction management system 100 provides anopen exchange environment that connects business entities 102_(1 . . . n) through a network. Although the network is depicted as theInternet 104, the network may include any configuration of public and/orprivate networks.

The transaction management system 100 is implemented as a multi-serversystem having a server computer 112 that runs a computer programapplication (“manager application 106”) to facilitate commercialtransactions between the business entities 102 _(1 . . . n), a servercomputer 114 that runs a computer program application (“accountingapplication” 118) to track and manage accounting activity associatedwith the commercial transactions, and a server computer 116 that runs acomputer program application (“prediction engine” 120) to generate oneor more predictive metrics for use by the manager application infacilitating a commercial transaction. Other server computers and/orapplications may also be included in the transaction management system100. Further, although depicted as separate server computers, in someimplementations, one or more of the applications run on a single servercomputer.

Each commercial transaction involves a first business entity (referredto as “end buyer”) that has been selected by the transaction managementsystem 100 to acquire a product (e.g., goods and/or services) that isbeing offered for acquisition by a second business entity (referred toas “end seller”). The end buyer is selected from amongst a set ofbusiness entities eligible to participate in the commercial transactioninvolving the given product. In some instances, the end seller and theend buyer are the only two business entities involved in the commercialtransaction, and are said to be directly linked. In some instances, oneor more other business entities (referred to as “intermediaries”) areinvolved in the commercial transaction, and the end seller and the endbuyer are said to be indirectly linked by way of the one or moreintermediaries. Each intermediary functions as both a buyer (withrespect to the end seller or another intermediary) and a seller (withrespect to the end buyer or another intermediary) in the commercialtransaction.

Typically, the compensation afforded to the end seller by the end buyerfor the acquisition of the product comes in the form of a monetarypayment. Where there is a direct link between the end buyer and the endseller, the entirety of the monetary payment may be provided to the endseller. In those instances in which one or more intermediaries areinvolved in the commercial transaction, revenue sharing agreements orflat fee arrangements between the various business entities may resultin the end seller only being provided with a fraction of the monetarypayment. In some implementations, the transaction management system 100itself takes a portion of the monetary payment as a commission forfacilitating the transaction.

In the examples to follow, the transaction management system 100 isdescribed in the context of an advertisement (“ad”) exchange in whichthe product being offered for acquisition is an ad space on a web page,the end seller is a publisher of the web page, and the end seller is anadvertiser having an ad campaign with at least on ad creativedimensioned to fit the ad space on the web page.

In other examples, the end seller may be an ad broker/networkaggregating publisher sites of which one includes the ad space that isbeing offered for acquisition, and the end buyer may be an adbroker/network aggregating advertisers of which one has an ad campaignwith at least one ad creative dimensioned to fit the ad space beingoffered for acquisition. In those instances in which the end buyer is anad broker/network, the end seller may have no knowledge of the identityof the advertiser with whom it is to engage in a commercial transactionwith. The end seller simply transacts with the ad broker/network in itscapacity as a representative of an advertiser. Likewise, in thoseinstances in which the end seller is an ad broker/network, the end buyertransacts with the ad broker/network acting in its capacity as arepresentative of a publisher.

An ad broker/network may have exclusive relationships, non-exclusiverelationships, or some combination of both with publishers and/oradvertisers. Generally, the publisher and/or advertiser with whom the adbroker/network has an exclusive relationship participates in the admarketplace only by way of the ad broker/network.

An ad broker/network may also have exclusive relationships,non-exclusive relationships, or some combination of both with other adbrokers/networks. In those instances in which an ad broker/network(e.g., “ad broker/network 102 ₁₃”) has an exclusive relationship withanother ad broker/network (e.g., “ad broker/network 102 ₁₁”), adbroker/network 102 ₁₃ may participate in the ad exchange only by way ofad broker/network 102 ₁₁.

To participate in the ad exchange, each business entity 102_(1 . . . n), may be required to register/subscribe with the transactionmanagement system 100. As part of the registration/subscription process,a business entity may be requested to provide profile informationintroducing itself to other entities with a brief description of thebusiness entity, letting others know of their targeting or partneringpreferences and/or needs (e.g., channels for publishers, offer types foradvertisers), and contact information. Information may also includepayment terms, payment types, content types, channels, creative types,offer types, and cancellation policies. The profile information maydefine the entity's primary and/or secondary profile(s).

In addition to the profile information, the business entity may berequested to provide information about the business relationships it hasestablished with one or more other entities. Generally, a businessrelationship is defined by a contractual agreement that has beennegotiated and agreed upon by the two entities. The agreement may takethe form of a series of line items, where each line item is related toan agreement that has been negotiated between two business entities withregards to a given product that is being offered for acquisition or thatthe entity is interested in acquiring.

A line item may include product-related information such as attributeinformation, price information, and constraint information. Generally,the attribute information relates to qualitative and/or quantitativecharacteristics of the product. As an example, the attribute informationof a line item negotiated between a publisher and an ad broker/networkmay include the physical dimensions of an ad space being offered foracquisition and the uniform resource locator (URL) of the web page onwhich the ad space is located, while the attribute information of a lineitem negotiated between an advertiser and an ad broker/network mayinclude the physical dimensions of an ad space that the advertiser isinterested in acquiring given the physical dimensions of at least one adcreative of the advertiser's ad campaign.

The price information generally represents a utility function for theproduct. For instance, the utility function may assign value withrespect to the product's attributes and/or other actions that may betaken with respect to the item. Returning to the advertisement spaceexample, different values may be assigned to a consumer viewing the ad,clicking through on the ad, or taking some other specifically definedaction (e.g., making a purchase) in response to an ad beyond simplyclicking on it. Such values are commonly referred to in the onlineadvertising context as cost-per-action (CPA), cost-per-impression (CPI),cost-per-click (CPC), cost-per-thousand-impressions (CPM), andreturn-on-investment (ROI). In some instances, business relationshipsbetween entities may include pre-negotiated discounts to be applied,reporting requirements, and penalties or stipulations relative to thefailure to deliver an ad creative. The price information may alsospecify the terms of revenue sharing agreements between entities.

The constraint information generally relates to information thatincludes or excludes eligibility for a transaction. For instance, theseconstraints may involve hard limits on geography, time and location ofdelivery, minimum quantity, minimum acceptable price, etc. In the caseof a memory chip market, for example, characteristics such as accesstimes, capacity, operating voltage, power consumption, temperaturelimits, expected life, and/or other quality characteristics may beattributes, while some of these may alternatively or additionally beconstraints. In the advertisement space example, constraint informationmay include information related to the language of the text displayed onthe web page, nature of the content being displayed on the web page,minimum hit count of the web page, geographical focus of the web pagecontent, beginning and ending dates, to name a few. The entity mayestablish different constraints for different business entities or setsof entities based on the business relationships that exist between theentities. In some instances, the quantity or measure of a product may bespecified by the business entity offering the product for acquisitionand possibly also by the business entity interested in acquiring theproduct. In some instances, however, the quantity or measure of theproduct is implicit in the transaction, being known a priori by sellers,buyers, and intermediaries.

If desired, a business entity may provide to the transaction managementsystem 100 global constraint information that serves to override anyline item-based constraint information. In one example, a publisher mayset a global constraint that bars all advertisers of adult content orforeign-based content from acquiring ad space on any of the publisher'sweb pages. In another example, an advertiser may set a global constraintthat requires all of its ad creatives to be displayed only in ad spacesof web pages having English language text. By enabling a business entityto enter such global constraint information, various advantages may beachieved. For example, time is saved in that the business entity doesnot have to repeatedly enter the same constraint information each time anew line item is added. Furthermore, there is no concern that anyconstraint that the entity would like to have in place may beaccidentally left out of one or more line items. In some instances, anentity may desire to provide specific exceptions to a global constraintbased on targeting or partnering requirements and/or needs. Returning tothe publisher example, a global constraint that bars all advertisers ofadult content from acquiring ad space on any of the publisher's webpages may be placed in the publisher's primary profile, and a globalconstraint exception allowing all advertisers of adult content fromacquiring ad space on a specified set of the publisher's web pages maybe placed in the publisher's secondary profile.

The information provided by the business entities may be stored in adata store 108 (e.g., a database) coupled to the transaction managementsystem 100 or accessible by the transaction management system 100 via anetwork (e.g., the Internet 104, a local area network, or a wide areanetwork).

FIG. 2 shows a process 200 suitable for implementation by a web-basedapplication (e.g., “manager application 106”) of the transactionmanagement system 100. First, the manager application 106 receives (202)a request for one or more ad creatives to be displayed on a web page. Inone example, when a consumer at a client computer 110 navigates to a webpage of a publisher that is registered with the transaction managementsystem 100, the publisher transmits web page information, such as acompilation of hypertext markup language (HTML) code, JavaScript, Javaapplets, graphic image files (e.g., GIF, JPEG), etc., that is used by aweb browser on the client computer 110 to render the requested web page.As part of this compilation of web page information, the publisher sendsa tag (e.g., applet tag) that identifies, depending on theimplementation, either an intermediary or the manager application 106for providing the ad creative. Using the received tag, the clientcomputer 110 either sends a message to the intermediary or the managerapplication 106 to request the insertion of one or more ad creatives inthe web page. In those instances in which the message is sent to anintermediary, that intermediary redirects the request to the managerapplication 106.

Generally, the ad request includes a URL identifier that identifies theweb page to which the consumer has navigated. The manager application106 may use the URL identifier to search its data store for informationrelated to that web page, including the number of ad spaces available onthe web page and the product-related information for each of those adspaces. In some implementations, if the client computer 110 hadpreviously interacted with the manager application 106, the clientcomputer 110 may also send (as part of the ad request) apreviously-stored cookie, which provides some historical data related tothe consumer's actions with respect to ad creatives. As an example, themanager application 106 may use such historical data to calculate theprobability that the consumer will take an action with respect to aparticular type of ad creative. If no cookie was received along with thead request, a prediction engine 120 of the transaction management system100 may perform such a probability calculation using externalstatistical data. As an example, the prediction engine 120 may generatea predictive metric relating to one or more attributes relating to theproduct being offered for acquisition. For instance, in the sale ofmetals, a predictive metric of quality may be generated based onhistorical data for the supplier. In the online advertising context, oneexample predictive metric (discussed further below) is the probabilitythat a website consumer will take an action with respect to an adimpression. Such predictive metrics may be used in establishing pricingwith respect to eligible buyers. Such predictive metrics may facilitatecommoditizing an item at least inasmuch as the prediction may providebuyers with information as to an unknown parameter associated with itemdifferentiation, thus providing buyers with sufficient informationdescribing the product for making a buying decision.

For each ad space that is available on the web page, the managerapplication 106 uses information stored in the data store 108 related toall of the business entities registered with the transaction managementsystem 100 to identify (204) a set of business entities (“eligible set”)eligible to participate in a transaction with the end seller involvingthat ad space. Constraints defined by line-item based constraintinformation, global constraint information and/or global constraintexception information, for example, may be used to exclude or includeparticular business entities. As an example, the manager application 106may use the physical dimensions of the ad space to exclude from theeligible set all business entities that do not have at least one adcreative dimensioned to fit that ad space. The manager application 106may also use the minimum acceptable price for the ad space to excludeall business entities that are unwilling to submit or are otherwiseunwilling to participate in a transaction involving a bid price thatmeets or exceeds that minimum acceptable price. In the description tofollow referencing the examples of FIGS. 4-8, it will be apparent thatinstances of a “minimum acceptable price” may be estimated effective CPMprices.

The manager application 106 then uses the information stored in the datastore 108 defining business relationships between the entities of theeligible set to generate (206) a graph of the eligible set. One exampleof such a graph 300 is shown in FIG. 3. Each business entity of theeligible set is represented in the graph 300 by a node, and eachrelationship between a pair of business entities of the eligible set isrepresented by an edge (visually depicted by a solid line) of the graph300. One of the nodes of the graph 300, designated as a source node,represents the end seller. One or more of the nodes of the graph 300,each designated as a sink node, represents a potential end buyer.Disposed between a sink node and the source node may be one or moreinterior nodes (or “int. node”), each representative of an intermediary.

Once the graph 300 of the eligible set is generated, the managerapplication 106 performs a series of decision processes to identify oneof the business entities in the eligible set represented by a sink nodeto execute the transaction with the business entity represented by thesource node. In one implementation, the manager application 106 firstapplies (208) a pathing algorithm (e.g., a shortest path algorithm) toeach sink node of the graph 300 to determine a path between that sinknode and the source node.

The manager application 106 then recursively performs (210) a series ofdecision processes at the non-sink nodes (i.e., interior nodes andsource node) of the graph 300 to identify (212), from amongst all of thepaths, the path (“winning path”) that provides the end seller with thebest price for the ad space under the pricing rules that are employed bythe manager application 106. Examples of different ways in which themanager application 106 may recursively perform a series of decisionprocesses are described below with reference to FIGS. 4-8. Generally, ateach non-sink node of the graph 300 at which a decision process isperformed, the manager application 106 takes the bids associated withthe child nodes of the given non-sink node (“below” referring to adirection moving away from the source node towards the sink node(s)along a path), normalizes them or otherwise makes them comparable withone another on a common scale, and compares them to identify a winningbid. In some instances, if the comparison yields a tie result, one ormore additional comparisons may be performed based on one or more of thefollowing metrics: a priority metric, an advertiser value metric, and apercentage delivered metric, until a tie-breaking result is obtained. Insome instances, if the comparison yields a tie result, the managerapplication 106 randomly selects one of the bids to yield a result andmoves on. Although in most instances, the “winning bid” is the bid whichis associated with the highest dollar value and the “best price” for thead space is the price which yields the highest revenue for the endseller, there are instances in which the “winning bid” and the “bestprice” are based on other metrics (e.g., ad frequency or queue).

The recursive nature of the manner in which the manager application 106performs the series of decision processes means that the managerapplication 106 may traverse up and down any given path of the graph 300from a sink node to the source node before the winning path isidentified. In identifying the winning path, the manager application 106not only identifies the ad creative which is to be delivered to theconsumer for overlay onto the ad space of the web page, the managerapplication 106 also identifies how revenue (if any) is to be dividedbetween the various business entities involved in the transaction.

The manager application 106 may take any action (214) to facilitate theexecution of the transaction. In some instances, a content server 126 ofthe transaction management system 100 serves the ad creative directly.In some instances, the manager application 106 redirects the ad creativeserving to an ad server/broker or advertiser represented by the sinknode of the winning path. The manager application 106 typically notifiesthe end buyer, end seller, intermediary that is represented by a node ofthe winning path that it is to participate in the transaction. Incertain cases, the manager application 106 may need to notify orcommunicate information to one or more third parties that are requiredfor effecting the transaction.

The accounting application 118 may include a logging module that logsthe results of the execution of the transaction. Such results mayinclude the amount of revenue that each business entity involved in thetransaction receives, the identities of the ads sent to the consumer,the consumer's responses to those ads (e.g., after the ad creative for agiven ad space is delivered and displayed, the consumer may connect tothe advertiser's website by clicking through or otherwise selecting theadvertisement (e.g., image, icon, etc.), though the consumer may not beable to connect to an advertiser website if the advertisements are notselectable), and data specific to the consumer (e.g., demographic,psychographic, and behavioral data). Any actions (e.g., clickthroughs,conversions) taken by the consumer may be captured and logged by thetransaction management system 100 (e.g., by using 1×1 GIF pixels in thead creatives, etc.).

In some implementations, the transaction management system 100 may alsoinclude components (not shown) for providing reporting, trafficmanagement, optimization tools, and campaign management, with thesecomponents being accessible to subscribing advertisers, publishers, andad networks via a web based application interface.

FIGS. 4-8 schematically depict illustrative series of decision processes(sometimes referred to as an “auction process” or a series of “auctionprocesses”) that may be executed by the manager application 106 withrespect to an advertising network (graph of which is depicted in FIG. 3)for determining the end buyer from among the eligible buyers and, moreparticularly, for determining which of all eligible ad creatives will bedisplayed to a consumer 10, the price paid by the end buyer (i.e., theadvertiser of the selected creative), and the winning path from the endbuyer to the end seller (i.e., the publisher of the webpage on which theselected creative is displayed), in accordance with various embodimentsof the present invention.

Although each end buyer (e.g., advertiser) represented by a sink node ofthe graph 300 may, in fact, have more than one campaign (and associatedcreative) that qualifies for consideration in the transaction, forpurposes of clarity of exposition only, the examples presented in theseillustrative embodiments assume that each end buyer has one campaignthat qualifies for the transaction.

Pricing may be provided according to any of one or more pricing models,including cost-per-thousand-impressions (CPM), cost-per-click (CPC),cost-per-action (CPA), and may be based on dynamic pricing, pricingbased on soft targets, auction-based pricing, ROI goals, and othermodels. It will be understood that the pricing models presented beloware merely for purposes of illustration. Additionally, in accordancewith some embodiments of the present invention, transaction managementsystem 100 may provide for subscribers to automatically upload andupdate their own pricing models (e.g., proprietary pricing modelsrepresenting the subscriber's utility function with respect to ad space,and which may also depend on information about the consumer 10), whichtransaction management system 100 calls upon (e.g., a function call)during the auction process. Further, while transaction management system100 is described as calculating the probability that a consumer 10 willtake some action (e.g., click probability), transaction managementsystem 100 may be adapted so that such a probability may be calculatedaccording to a subscriber's own function (e.g., which may be embodied inthe subscriber's own pricing function).

As schematically represented in FIGS. 4-8, the relationships betweenpublisher, brokers/networks, and advertisers may be represented in ahierarchical, tree-like configuration. Simply for convenience inexposition, as used herein with respect to the illustrative embodimentsin FIGS. 4-8, a given tier in the hierarchical structure refers to nodes(e.g., a publisher, broker/network, advertiser) that are removed from(or coupled to) the publisher via the same number of links, and the tiermay be referred to by an ordinal number corresponding to that number oflinks. For instance, in FIG. 4, the first tier includes only AdBroker/Network 20; the second tier includes Ad Broker/Network 22,Advertiser 32 and Advertiser 34; and the third tier includes Advertisers36 and 38.

Also for ease of reference, as used herein, a branching point refers toany given node (e.g., a publisher, broker/network, advertiser) in thehierarchical structure from which two or more branches (i.e., linksrepresenting contractual terms) emanate to connect to respective nodesthat are in the tier below the given node (“below” referring to thedirection of increasing ordinal number of the tiers, corresponding tofurther downward on the drawing sheets when viewing the figures).Further, the overall auction process may be viewed logically ascomprising a series of auctions conducted at each branching point amongthe nodes connected to and in the tier below the given common branchingpoint, and such auctions within the overall hierarchy are sometimesreferred to hereinbelow more concisely as being auctions at a branchingpoint and tier (or, similarly, at a tier and branching point), where thetier is intended to refer to the tier of the bidding nodes connected toan below the common branching point. An auction at a branching point andtier may be referred to by an ordinal number (e.g., “first auction”),and for reference purposes only, as used herein, the first auctionrefers to the auction at the lowest numbered tier at which auctionsoccur (it is noted that the ordinal number of the auction is notnecessarily equal to the ordinal number of the tier at which the auctionoccurs). For instance, in FIG. 4, the first auction refers to theauction among the second tier nodes (i.e., Ad Broker/Network 22 andAdvertisers 32 and 34, which are connected to a branching point anchoredby the node representing Ad Broker/Network 20), and the second auctionrefers to the auction among the third tier nodes (i.e. Advertisers 36and 38).

As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the hierarchicalauction configuration is well suited for representation by various datastructures, and for processing by working from the outermostbranches/tiers up to the root. Also, pipelined processing (e.g., forsuccessive tiers) as well as parallel processing (e.g., across branchingpoints (nodes) of the hierarchical auction) may be employed in executingthe auction.

Referring now to FIG. 4, as shown, Advertiser 36 and Advertiser 38 havea $3.50 CPC and $5.00 CPA price agreement with Ad Broker/Network 22.Advertiser 36 has creative 3 of campaign A for which the predictiveengine 120 calculates a click probability of 0.1% with respect toconsumer 10. Advertiser 36 has creative 1 of campaign B for whichPredictive Engine 75 calculates a conversion probability of 0.01% withrespect to consumer 10. Accordingly, the third tier auction (i.e., theauction among the third tier entities, which is the second auction inthis example) results in an effective CPM (eCPM) of $3.50 for advertiser36 and $0.50 for advertiser 38, indicating that advertiser 36 is thewinner of that tier of the auction. Accounting for the 50% revenue sharebetween ad broker/network 22 and ad broker/network 20, this $3.50 eCPMvalue becomes $1.75 eCPM when passed up to the second tier where, in thefirst auction, it is compared to the $1.65 CPM and $1.25 CPM bid pricesfor advertiser 32 and advertiser 34, respectively. Accordingly,advertiser 36 is the winner of the auction, and creative 3 will be theserved impression. Thus, if consumer 10 clicks through on creative 3, adbroker/network 22 will realize $1.75, and the $1.75 passed up to thefirst tier will be evenly split between Ad Broker/Network 20 andpublisher 26. More specifically, advertiser 36 would be subject topaying $3.50 to ad broker/network 22, which would keep $1.75 and besubject to paying $1.75 to ad network 20, which would keep $0.875 and besubject to paying $0.875 to publisher 26. The accounting application 118will log these amounts into the appropriate accounts stored in datastore 108, and actual billing and payment may subsequently occur by anyonline or offline payment method that have been established.

It may be appreciated by way of this illustrative embodiment thattransaction management system 100 provides for more advertisers topartake in such an auction process, thus providing a more efficientmarket. For instance, in this example, every advertiser is directlyinvolved in the auction. Absent the process and functionalityimplemented by transaction management system 100, advertisers 36 and 38would not have been involved in the auction. As may also be appreciated,if publisher 26 were also subscribed with ad broker/network 22, theneven if ad brokers/networks 20 and 22 were not linked (e.g., did nothave an agreement to transact ad impressions therebetween), transactionmanagement system 100 also would provide the possibility for alladvertisers 36, 38, 32, and 34 to partake in the auction process, as allbranches between publisher 26 and eligible advertisers are considered(e.g., rather than selecting only one of a plurality of adbrokers/networks with which publisher 26 may have an agreement).

FIGS. 5-8 schematically depict additional illustrative auction processesthat may be executed by transaction management system 100 in theadvertising network depicted in FIG. 3 and, more particularly, theseexamples illustrate hierarchical auction processes involving dynamic CPMpricing with CPC targeting, CPM capping, and dynamic CPM pricingreduction.

Referring to FIG. 5, publisher 26 has a 50% revenue sharing agreementwith Ad Broker/Network 20, and a $1.25 CPM agreement with Advertiser 39,which has campaign C with creative 3. Ad Broker/Network 20 has (i) a$3.00 CPM agreement with Advertiser 34 for campaign B with creative 2,and (ii) a dynamic CPM agreement with Advertiser 32 for campaign A withcreative 1, for which advertiser 32 has set a $3.00 CPC target and a$2.50 CPM cap. In accordance with the foregoing, these relationships andunderlying terms of agreement are stored by transaction managementsystem 100 as insertion orders and corresponding line items.

In this example, the prediction engine 120 calculates that creative 1 ofcampaign A has a click probability of 0.1% with respect to consumer 10.Thus, based on the click probability and the $3.00 target CPC, campaignA creative 1 should have an effective CPM (eCPM) of $3.00; however,because there is a $2.50 CPM cap, the eCPM is set at $2.50. Accordingly,this $2.50 eCPM for advertiser 32 loses to the $3.00 CPM of campaign Bcreative 2 for advertiser 34 at this tier and branching point of theauction. Accounting for the 50% revenue share between ad broker/network20 and publisher 26, this $3.00 CPM value becomes $1.50 CPM when passedup to the first tier where it is compared to the $1.25 CPM foradvertiser 39. Accordingly, advertiser 34 is the winner of the auction,and creative 2 will be the served impression. Thus, for 1000 impressionson campaign B creative 2, advertiser 34 pays $3.00 to ad broker/network20, which pays $1.50 to publisher 26. The accounting application 118will log these amounts into the appropriate accounts stored in datastore 108.

FIG. 6 schematically depicts a scenario similar to that of FIG. 5,except that for the dynamic pricing agreement between Ad Broker/Network20 and Advertiser 34 (for campaign B with creative 2) advertiser 32 hasset a $4.00 CPC target and a $5.00 CPM cap. In this example, transactionmanagement system 100 determines that creative 1 of campaign A has aclick probability of 0.1% with respect to consumer 10, and thus the$4.00 target CPC corresponds to a $4.00 eCPM, which is not affected bythe $5.00 CPM cap. At the second auction (which, in this case is amongthe second tier entities), this $4.00 eCPM wins against the $3.00 CPM ofadvertiser 34 for campaign B creative 2 (which, in this example, is theonly other bid price available from other advertisers or networks havinga common branching point/node at that tier of the auction). Accountingfor the 50% revenue share between ad broker/network 20 and publisher 26,this $4.00 eCPM value becomes $2.00 eCPM when passed up to the firsttier where it is compared to the $1.25 CPM for advertiser 29.Accordingly, advertiser 32 is the winner of the auction, and creative 1will be the served impression.

In this embodiment of the invention, however, a dynamic CPM pricingreduction rule applies wherein the eCPM price actually paid by anauction winner that offers a dynamic CPM price is the lesser of (i) thewinning dynamic price and (ii) the amount that the auction winner wouldhave to pay such that the publisher's revenue will equal the publisherrevenue that would result from some amount greater (5% in thisillustrative implementation) than the second best bid price across theentire auction (i.e., considering all tiers and branching points;considering all line items in the auction). In this regard, the secondbest bid price means the price bid by a second buyer (i.e., other thanthe auction winner) in the auction that would result (e.g., accountingfor revenue sharing along the path between the second buyer andpublisher) in the publisher receiving the second highest revenuecompared to the winning bid. It is the bid that would have won theauction but for the winning bid. The amount that the auction winnerwould have to pay such that the publisher's revenue will equal thepublisher revenue that would result from some amount (e.g., 5%) greaterthan the second best bid price being bid by the second buyer depends onthe pricing paths of the auction winner and the second best bidder withrespect to the publisher and/or each other.

As may be understood, various methods and algorithms may be implementedby transaction management system 100 for determining the second best bidand applying a dynamic CPM price reduction rule. In one illustrativeimplementation, for the auctions executed at each tier and branchingpoint, transaction management system 100 not only determines the winnerat that tier and branching point, but also the runner up (i.e., nextbest bid) that may qualify as the basis for the price reduction assumingthe winner at that tier and branching point were the overall winner.Various techniques can be employed in the event of a tie for first orsecond place, such as random selection of the winner(s). transactionmanagement system 100 then includes the winner and any such runner up(accounting for any revenue sharing) in the auction at the next higherbranching point and tier (which tier includes the branching pointassociated with the auction that provided the winner and any such runnerup).

More specifically, for the auction at a given tier and branching point,transaction management system 100 does not need to store (or otherwiseidentify and include in a subsequent auction) the second best bid if thesecond best bid could not form the basis for a price reduction relativeto the winner (best bid) at that tier and branching point. As may beunderstood, therefore, the second best bid will only qualify as such ifits value incremented by the price reduction margin (e.g., 5%) is lessthan the best bid at that tier and branching point.

Upon completing this auction process over all tiers and branchingpoints, transaction management system 100 thus identifies an overallauction winner (i.e., the buyer/entity whose bid provides the highestrevenue to the seller) and runner up (i.e., the buyer/entity whose bidprovides the second highest revenue to the seller). Then, based oninformation stored by transaction management system 100 for the pricingpaths for the auction winner and runner up, transaction managementsystem 100 calculates the price that would have to be paid by theauction winner to provide the publisher with the revenue that would bereceived by the publisher if the runner up's bid were incremented by themargin (i.e., 5% in these examples). If that calculated price is lessthan the winning bid price, then that calculated price is the reducedprice to be paid by the auction winner. Otherwise, the auction winnerpays the winning bid price.

It is understood that the foregoing outline of a hierarchical auctionprocess with price reduction according to some embodiments of thepresent invention is intended to illustrate a basic overall procedurefor determining price reduction, and that such auction and sorting typeprocesses for dynamic CPM price reduction may be implemented accordingto a variety of algorithms which may be subject to myriad possiblevariations, modifications, and simplifications (e.g., simplificationsthat apply in certain cases).

Referring now back to FIG. 6, it is understood that the $3.00 CPM ofadvertiser 34 is the second best bid over the entire auction becauseunder the 50% revenue share agreement between publisher 26 and AdBroker/Network 20, at the first auction level this $3.00 becomes $1.50CPM, which is greater than the $1.25 CPM of advertiser 39. Accordingly,because 5% over this second best price (i.e. $3.15 CPM) is less than thewinning $4.00 eCPM bid by advertiser 32, the dynamic CPM price reductionis invoked and advertiser 32 actually pays $3.15 CPM rather than $4.00CPM. Thus, for 1000 impressions on campaign A creative 1, advertiser 32pays $3.15 to ad broker/network 20 which pays $1.575 to publisher 26.

It is noted that because in this example the second best bid ($3.00 CPMof advertiser 34) is at the same tier and branching point as the winningbid, there are no intervening links (e.g., revenue shares) to accountfor in calculating the reduced price to be paid by the auction winner.Further, in implementations where a second best bid at a given tier andbranching point will only be considered (and passed upwards) if itqualifies for reducing the price of the winning bid at thattier/branching point (e.g., if the second best bid augmented by themargin is less than the winning bid), then if the overall auctionresults in the winning bid and second best bid originating from the sametier and branching point, then transaction management system 100 knowsthat the price reduction will be applied without having to compare thewinning price with the reduced price. Thus, determining and calculatingthe price to be paid by the auction winner is simplified for cases inwhich in the winning bid and second best bid originate from the sametier and branching point.

Referring to FIG. 7, publisher 26 has a 50% revenue sharing agreementwith Ad Broker/Network 20, and a $1.25 CPM agreement with Advertiser 39,which has campaigns D and E with respective creatives 4 and 5. AdBroker/Network 20 has (i) a $3.00 CPM agreement with Advertiser 32 forcampaign C with creative 3, and (ii) a 50% revenue sharing agreementwith Ad Broker/Network 22, which has (i) a $10.00 CPM agreement withAdvertiser 38 for campaign B with creative 2, and (ii) a dynamic CPMagreement with Advertiser 36 for campaign A with creative 1, for whichadvertiser 36 has set a $12.00 CPC target and a $15.00 CPM cap. Inaccordance with the foregoing, these relationships and underlying termsof agreement are stored by transaction management system 100 asinsertion orders and corresponding line items.

In this example, transaction management system 100 determines thatcreative 1 of campaign A has a click probability of 0.1% with respect toconsumer 10, and thus the $12.00 target CPC corresponds to a $12.00eCPM, which is not affected by the $15.00 CPM cap. This $12.00 eCPM winsagainst the $10.00 CPM of advertiser 38 for campaign B creative 2, whichqualifies as a possible second best bid for price reduction relative tothe winning $12.00 eCPM at that level, as 5% over the $10.00 CPM (i.e.,$10.50) is less than the winning $12.00 eCPM. Accounting for the 50%revenue share between ad broker/network 20 and ad broker/network 22,when passed up to the second tier, the $12.00 eCPM value of advertiser36 and the $10.00 CPM value of advertiser 38 become $6.00 eCPM and the$5.00 CPM, respectively, both of which are greater than the competing$3.00 CPM for advertiser 32. Accordingly, the $6.00 eCPM (of advertiser36) and the $5.00 CPM (of advertiser 38) are passed up to the firsttier, competing against the $1.25 CPM of advertiser 39 at $3.00 eCPM and$2.50 CPM, respectively, based on the 50% revenue share between adbroker/network 20 and publisher 26. Thus, advertiser 36 and advertiser38 are the winning and second place bidders for the overall auction,respectively. As noted above in connection with the example of FIG. 6,if the second winning and second place bidders originated from the sametier and branching point, then it is known that the winner will pay thereduced price and the price reduction calculation is simplified. In thisexample, therefore, advertiser 36 actually pays $10.50 CPM rather than$12.00 CPM. Thus, for 1000 impressions on campaign A creative 1,advertiser 36 pays $10.50 to ad broker/network 22, which pays $5.25 toad broker/network 20, which pays $2.625 to publisher 26.

FIG. 8 schematically depicts a scenario similar to that of FIG. 5,except that Ad Broker/Network 22 has a $2.50 CPM agreement withAdvertiser 38 for campaign B with creative 2. In this example,transaction management system 100 determines that creative 1 of campaignA has a click probability of 0.1% with respect to consumer 10, and thusthe $12.00 target CPC corresponds to a $12.00 eCPM, which is notaffected by the $15.00 CPM cap. This $12.00 eCPM wins against the $2.50CPM of advertiser 38 for campaign B creative 2, which qualifies as apossible second best bid for price reduction relative to the winning$12.00 eCPM at that level, as 5% over the $2.50 CPM (i.e., $2.625) isless than the winning $12.00 eCPM.

Accounting for the 50% revenue share between ad broker/network 20 and adbroker/network 22, when passed up to the second tier, the $12.00 eCPMvalue of advertiser 36 and the $2.50 CPM value of advertiser 38 competewith $3.00 CPM for advertiser 32 at $6.00 eCPM and the $1.25 CPM,respectively. Thus, at this auction level, the $6.00 eCPM of advertiser36 wins and the $3.00 CPM of advertiser 32 is the second place winner(beating the $1.25 CPM of advertiser 38) while qualifying as a possiblesecond best bid for price reduction relative to the winning $6.00 eCPMat that level, as 5% over the $3.00 CPM (i.e., $3.15) is less than thewinning $6.00 eCPM. Accordingly, the $6.00 eCPM (of advertiser 36) andthe $3.00 CPM (of advertiser 32) are passed up to the first tier,competing against the $1.25 CPM of advertiser 39 at $3.00 eCPM and $1.50CPM, respectively, based on the 50% revenue share between adbroker/network 20 and publisher 26. Thus, advertiser 36 and advertiser32 are the winning and second place bidders for the overall auction,respectively.

It is noted that in such an implementation where a second best bid at agiven tier and branching point will only be considered (and passedupwards) if it qualifies for reducing the price of the winning bid atthat tier/branching point (e.g., if the second best bid augmented by themargin is less than the winning bid), then if the overall auctionresults in the winning bid and second best bid originating from nodeshaving a common root branch to the publisher, then transactionmanagement system 100 knows that the price reduction will be appliedwithout having to compare the winning price with the reduced price.Thus, in this case, because advertiser 32 (the second place bidder) andadvertiser 36 (the winner) are both located on the branch defined by thelink between publisher 26 and ad broker/network 20, it is known prior toany further calculation that advertiser 36 will pay a reduced pricebased on the second place bid.

As noted above, the price to be paid by advertiser 36 is the price thatyields publisher 26 the same revenue as if the second best bidder(advertiser 32 in this case) paid the second best bid price augmentedaccording to the price reduction rule (5% in this example), and thus thecalculation involves accounting for the respective pricing paths of thewinner and second best bidder relative to each other and/or to thepublisher. If the overall auction results in the winning bid and secondbest bid originating from nodes having a common root branch to thepublisher, this calculation may be simplified (e.g., compared to caseswhere the winning bid and second best bid originate from nodes havingseparate root branches to the publisher). For instance, in the exampleof FIG. 8, the calculation may consider the shortest pricing path fromthe second place bidder to the winner (e.g., rather than tracing fromthe second place bidder to the publisher and then from the publisher tothe winner). Thus, accounting for the 50% revenue share between adbroker/network 20 and ad broker/network 22, if advertiser paid $3.15 CPM(i.e., $3.00 CPM plus 5%), then winning advertiser 36 will have to pay$6.30 eCPM for publisher 26 to obtain the same revenue.

In this example, therefore, advertiser 36 actually pays $6.30 CPM ratherthan $12.00 CPM. Thus, for 1000 impressions on campaign A creative 1,advertiser 36 pays $6.30 to ad broker/network 22, which pays $3.15 to adbroker/network 20, which pays $1.575 to publisher 26.

In some implementations, the transaction management system 100 includesa server computer 122 that runs a linking application 124, which enablesbusiness entities to establish links with other business entities thathave registered/subscribed with the transaction management system 100.Generally, the linking application 124 enables a first entity toestablish links with select other entities thereby building apersonalized set of entities with which the first entity will transactthrough the system 100. In so doing, the first entity may retain controlof the entities to which its inventory is directed, whileincreasing/maximizing the exposure of its inventory to a select set ofentities, each of which may compete on equal footing for each item ofthe first entity's inventory.

The linking application 124 may be implemented as a web-based interfacethrough which a business entity (“initiating entity) may identifyanother business entity (“target entity”) with which the initiatingentity desires to partner with.

In one example, the linking application 124 displays a list of businessentities that have registered/subscribed with the transaction managementsystem 100. Each entity in the displayed list may be represented by aselectable hyperlink. A person (“entity representative”) affiliated witha given initiating entity and authorized by that entity to conductbusiness on its behalf may view the list of target entities and click ona selectable hyperlink to view profile information for a particulartarget entity. The entity representative may also search for and/orbrowse through the profile information of the various registeredentities of the list to identify and research target entities with whoma link is to be established.

The linking application 124 displays an icon that the entityrepresentative may click on to send a link request notification to atarget entity. Such a notification may be a general invitationexpressing an interest to link or a more specific invitation proposingor offering specific terms of line items that will form the basis of abusiness relationship. Such a notification may be, for example, ane-mail directed to an address identified in the target entity's profile,and/or a message posted to the target entity's online account ontransaction management system 100. Such a notification may be initiatedby the entity representative based in whole or in part on researchconducted through transaction management system 100, though it need notbe based on such research (e.g., the entity representative may send suchan notification based entirely on his/her own knowledge about and/ordesire to work with a particular business entity).

Once a link request notification is sent to the target entity, thelinking application 124 creates a pending link in the sending entity'sonline account. Thus, for example, after an advertiser (publisher) sendssuch a notification to a publisher (advertiser), the advertiser(publisher) would see the publisher (advertiser) listed on its Publisher(Advertiser) list as a pending link. Until the target entity approvesthe link, this link will remain inactive.

Upon receiving the notification, the target entity may similarly replyto the message electronically to, for example, accept or decline theinvitation, offer a counterproposal, or to further discuss or inquire asto the invitation. Prior to replying, the target entity may researchinformation about the sending entity by browsing profile informationavailable on transaction management system 100. An electronic replyaccepting the invitation may constitute a “virtual” handshake toestablish a link between the entities.

Once a link is established, the entities may exchange communications byway of the transaction management system 100 or otherwise communicatewith each other offline to negotiate and agree upon the terms of the oneor more line items that will form the basis of a business relationshipbetween the entities. Such negotiation may involve a series of offersand counteroffers by the parties, though as previously discussed, it ispossible that the initial link request notification includes allpertinent details, with the virtual handshake accepting both theestablishment of the link as well as the business relationship.Generally, the link between two entities is established only once unlessexplicitly terminated by one or both of the entities. The link serves asa conduit through which the terms of a business relationship may bedefined or continually redefined through the addition, deletion, ormodification of line items. The linking application 124 may beimplemented to overwrite an entry of the data store 108 that stores theinformation defining the business relationship each time it is redefinedby one or both of the entities.

At any point after a business relationship has been established betweentwo entities and the information defining the business relationship isstored in the data store 108, that business relationship may be used bythe manager application 106 when generating a graph of a set of entitieseligible to participate in a particular transaction.

This linking application 124 enables ad networks/brokers, publishers andadvertisers to partner more easily with each other, and therebycontributes to further enhance the scale and associated efficiency ofthe exchange provided by transaction management system 100. It isunderstood that while the transaction management system 100 mayadvantageously provide an online platform for identifying, researching,and notifying clients with whom a link may be established, alternativelyparties may perform one or more of these functions entirely offline, andonce an agreement has been reached with regards to the details of abusiness relationship, line items may be entered into transactionmanagement system 100 by the parties to establish the link.

For ad networks/brokers, linking effectively increases access to bothadvertisers and publishers otherwise not in their own network.Similarly, advertisers and publishers that are on a given adnetwork/broker also realize such increased access to advertisers andpublishers that are affiliated with a distinct ad network/broker or thatare not affiliated with an ad network but are directly subscribed to thetransaction management system 100. Concomitantly, advertisers andpublishers that are subscribed to the transaction management systemplatform but not affiliated with an ad network/broker, also realize suchincreased access to advertisers and publishers that are affiliated withan ad network/broker. This effectively increased access provides formore links to be established, thus creating more competition each timethe transaction management system 100 performs a series of decisionprocesses for a given product being offered for acquisition.

As may be appreciated from the foregoing, linking between entitiesprovides many advantages. For instance, for advertisers, linking throughthe transaction management system 100 eliminates the need to sendcreatives and link tags for each campaign to media partners and requirethem to traffic creatives into other ad serving solutions. Once asubscribing advertiser has trafficked its creatives into the transactionmanagement system 100, the same pool of creatives can be used for anypublisher that wants to link with that advertiser. Thus, the linkingprocess is greatly simplified, decreasing the time for establishinglinks by eliminating creative trafficking, and thus also eliminating thepossibilities for errors in trafficking creatives.

Consonant with advantages provided to advertisers, publishers similarlybenefit from linking with advertisers (and/or other ad networks) byeliminating campaign trafficking from the advertiser and into an adserving system as well as eliminating click tracking code entry, thuseliminating potential errors, and also allowing campaigns to be set uprapidly (e.g., hours instead of days), thereby decreasing overhead costswhile also realizing advertising revenue more quickly.

In the examples described above with reference to FIGS. 4-8, there is anassumption that there is no disparity in terms of the fulfillment of atransaction from the perspectives of the transaction management system100 and the end buyer. Accordingly, any revenue generated from thefulfillment of a particular transaction may be distributed between thevarious business entities involved in that transaction in accordancewith the revenue sharing and/or flat fee arrangements that exist betweenthe business entities. No revenue surplus or a revenue deficit is everexperienced by the business entities involved in the transaction becausethe revenue generated is the same as the revenue distributed.

There are, however, instances in which such an assumption would be inerror. As an example, the transaction management system 100 may count aredirection of an ad creative serving to its content server 126 asfulfilling a transaction, while the advertiser represented by the sinknode of the winning path may only count the actual serving of the adcreative as fulfilling the transaction. If the consumer views thepublisher's web page but leaves before allowing the browser to serve theredirect, the ad creative that is being served by the content server maynot actually be served to the consumer and will not be counted as suchby the advertiser. In other cases, for instance click tracking, thecontent server may track before the transaction management system. Inthis case, if the consumer leaves before the click has been executed onboth systems, the content server will count more clicks than thetransaction management system.

The accounting application 118 may implement revenue adjustmentprocesses to account for such disparities and distribute the revenuesurplus/deficit amongst some/all of the business entities involved inthe transaction. Examples of revenue adjustment processes will bedescribed with reference to the following scenarios: (1) one-dayadjustment with click units; (2) five-day adjustment with click units;(3) one-day adjustment with conversion units; and (4) five-dayadjustment with conversion units. Revenue adjustment processes may alsobe applied in other scenarios involving adjustments with revenue unitsand adjustments with impression units, as well as scenarios involvingdifferent time periods (e.g., month-long).

(1) One-Day Adjustment with Click Units

An advertiser called HeadClick (id 1), within an ad network calledHeadNet (id 2), has a line_item (id 3) with the transaction managementsystem 100 that is a cost-per-click (CPC) deal for a particular adcreative (“ad creative M”). According to the CPC deal, each time aconsumer clicks on the ad creative M, HeadClick pays $0.50 to thetransaction management system 100.

On May 1, 2006, the ad creative M was served on two different websites:a publisher called BigNews (id 5, line_item id 6) within the HeadNet adnetwork, and a publisher called EasySearch (id 7, line_item 8) within anad network called Hambone (id 9). There is a line_item (id 10) allowingthe HeadNet ad network to send traffic to the Hambone ad network. Theaccounting application 118 recorded a total of 20 clicks on the adcreative M for May 1, 2006. Specifically, the accounting applicationtracked the number of times consumers clicked on the ad creative M andgenerated a network table as shown below (N=Ad network; B=Buyer;S=Seller):

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Clicks Rev May 1 2 3 6 15 15 * $0.50 = $7.50May 1 2 3 10 5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May 1 Totals: 20 $10.00

Note that the 5 clicks recorded on May 1 involving the Hambone adnetwork represent the 5 times the HeadNet ad network directed traffic tothe Hambone ad network in accordance with the line_item (id 10), whichresulted in clicks on the ad creative M that was served by theEasySearch publisher in accordance with the line_item (id 8). Therevenue ($2.50) resulting from the 5 clicks on the ad creative M thatwas served by the EasySearch publisher is counted only once in thetable. This table shows that on May 1, 2006, $7.50 that was received bythe transaction management system 100 from the HeadClick advertiser waspassed on to the BigNews publisher, and $2.50 that was received by thetransaction management system 100 from the HeadClick advertiser waspassed on to the Hambone ad network.

Even though the accounting application 118 recorded a total of 20 clicksfor May 1, the HeadClick advertiser recorded 30 clicks for this date. Auser (e.g., an employee associated with the HeadClick advertiser or thetransaction management system 100) enters a request for an adjustmentwith click units and a value of 30 through a user interface provided bythe accounting application 118.

Once the adjustment request is entered, the accounting application 118performs a series of computations to determine how the surplus of $5.00($15.00−$10.00) is to be distributed amongst the various businessentities that functioned as buyers with respect to the HeadNet adnetwork during the various transactions involving the ad creative M. Inthis example, the transaction management system 100 only distributes thesurplus amongst the business entities that belong to the HeadNet adnetwork, that is, BigNews publisher and Hambone ad network. The surplusis not distributed to the EasySearch publisher that belongs to theHambone ad network.

The accounting application 118 first computes the weighted adjustment asfollows: weighted adjustment=(# of HeadClick-recorded clicks−# ofTMS-recorded clicks)/(# of TMS-recorded clicks)=(30−20)/20=10/20=0.5

The accounting application 118 then computes the adjustments to be madeper business entity within the HeadNet ad network on a given day usingthe weighted adjustment and rounds each result up or down as follows: ifthe fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction ofthe result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an even number, round up; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number,round down; if the fraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an even number, round up. After theadjustments and rounding, the accounting application generates anadjusted network table as shown below:

N Day (id) B (id) S (id) Clicks Rev May 1 2 3 6 15 15 * $0.50 = $7.50May 1 2 3 6 15 * 0.5 = 7.5~7 7 * $0.50 = $3.50 May 1 2 3 10  5 5 * $0.50= $2.50 May 1 2 3 10 5 * 0.5 = 2.5~3 3 * 0.5 = $1.50 May 1 Totals: 15 +7 + 5 + 3 = 30 $15.00

The adjusted network table shows that 30 clicks have been accounted for.$3.50 received by the transaction management system 100 from theHeadClick advertiser is paid to the BigNews publisher; $1.50 received bythe transaction management system 100 from the HeadClick advertiser ispaid to the Hambone ad network.

(2) Five-Day Adjustment with Click Units

An advertiser called HeadClick (id 1), within an ad network calledHeadNet (id 2), has a line_item (id 3) with the transaction managementsystem 100 that is a cost-per-click (CPC) deal for a particular adcreative (“ad creative N”). According to the CPC deal, each time aconsumer clicks on the ad creative M, HeadClick pays $0.50 to thetransaction management system 100.

On May 1, 2006 through May 5, 2006, inclusive, the ad creative N wasserved on two different websites: a publisher called BigNews (id 5,line_item id 6) within the HeadNet ad network, and a publisher calledEasySearch (id 7, line_item 8) within an ad network called Hambone (id9). There is a line_item (id 10) allowing the HeadNet ad network to sendtraffic to the Hambone ad network. The accounting application 118recorded a total of 40 clicks for the period starting with May 1, 2006and ending with May 5, 2006, inclusive. Specifically, the accountingapplication tracked the number of times consumers clicked on the adcreative N and generated a network table as shown below (N=Ad network;B=Buyer; S=Seller):

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Clicks Rev May 1 2 3 6 5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May1 2 3 10 3 3 * $0.50 = $1.50 May 1 Totals: 8 $4.00 May 2 2 3 6 5 5 *$0.50 = $2.50 May 2 2 3 10 4 4 * $0.50 = $2.00 May 2 Totals: 9 $4.50 May3 2 3 6 5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May 3 2 3 10 2 2 * $0.50 = $1.00 May 3Totals: 7 $3.50 May 4 2 3 6 5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May 4 2 3 10 3 3 * $0.50= $1.50 May 4 Totals: 8 $4.00 May 5 2 3 6 4 4 * $0.50 = $2.00 May 5 2 310 4 4 * $0.50 = $2.00 May 5 Totals: 9 $4.00 May 1–5 Totals: 40 $20.00

As before, the clicks recorded on each day involving the Hambone adnetwork represent the number of time the HeadNet ad network directedtraffic to the Hambone ad network in accordance with the line_item (id10), which resulted in clicks on the ad creative N that was served bythe EasySearch publisher in accordance with the line_item (id 8).

Even though the accounting application 118 recorded a total of 40 clicksfor the period of May 1-May 5, inclusive, the HeadClick advertiserrecorded 50 clicks for this period. A user (e.g., an employee associatedwith the HeadClick advertiser or the transaction management system 100)enters a request for an adjustment with click units and a value of 50through a user interface provided by the accounting application 118.

Once the adjustment request is entered, the accounting application 118performs a series of computations to determine how the surplus of $5.00($25.00−$20.00) is to be distributed amongst the various businessentities that functioned as buyers with respect to the HeadNet adnetwork during the various transactions involving the ad creative N. Inthis example, the transaction management system 100 only distributes thesurplus amongst the business entities that belong to the HeadNet adnetwork, that is, BigNews publisher and Hambone ad network. Theshortfall is not distributed to the EasySearch publisher that belongs tothe Hambone ad network.

The accounting application 118 first computes the weighted adjustment asfollows: weighted adjustment=(# of HeadClick-recorded clicks−# ofTMS-recorded clicks)/(# of TMS-recorded clicks)=(50−40)/40=10/40=0.25

The accounting application 118 then computes the adjustments to be madeper business entity within the HeadNet ad network on a given day usingthe weighted adjustment and rounds each result up or down as follows: ifthe fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction ofthe result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an even number, round up; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number,round down; if the fraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an even number, round up. After theadjustments and rounding, the accounting application generates anadjusted network table as shown below:

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Clicks Rev May 1 2 3 6  5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May1 2 3 6 5 * 0.25 = 1.25~1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 1 2 3 10  3 3 * $0.50 =$1.50 May 1 2 3 10 3 * 0.25 = 1.25~1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 1 Totals: 10$5.00 May 2 2 3 6  5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May 2 2 3 6 5 * 0.25 = 1.25~1 1 *$0.50 = $0.50 May 2 2 3 10  4 4 * $0.50 = $2.00 May 2 2 3 10 4 * 0.25 =1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 2 Totals: 11 $5.50 May 3 2 3 6  5 5 * $0.50 =$2.50 May 3 2 3 6 5 * 0.25 = 1.25~1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 3 2 3 10  22 * $0.50 = $1.00 May 3 2 3 10 2 * 0.25 = 0.5~1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 3Totals:  9 $4.50 May 4 2 3 6  5 5 * $0.50 = $2.50 May 4 2 3 6 5 * 0.25 =1.25~1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 4 2 3 10  3 3 * $0.50 = $1.50 May 4 2 3 103 * 0.25 = 1.25~1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 4 Totals: 10 $5.00 May 5 2 3 6 4 4 * $0.50 = $2.00 May 5 2 3 6 4 * 0.25 = 1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50 May 5 23 10  4 4 * $0.50 = $2.00 May 5 2 3 10 4 * 0.25 = 1 1 * $0.50 = $0.50May 5 Totals: 10 $5.00 May 1–5 50 $20.00 Totals:

The adjusted network table shows that 50 clicks have been accounted for.A total of $2.50 received by the transaction management system 100 fromthe HeadClick advertiser is paid to the BigNews publisher; likewise atotal of $2.50 received by the transaction management system 100 fromthe HeadClick advertiser is paid to the Hambone ad network.

(3) One-Day Adjustment with Conversion Units

An advertiser called HeadClick (id 1), within an ad network calledHeadNet (id 2), has a line_item (id 3) with the transaction managementsystem 100 that is a cost-per-action (CPA) deal for a particular adcreative (“ad creative P”). The conversion (id 4) is a magazinesubscription. According to the CPA deal, each time a consumer convertsthe ad creative P by subscribing to the magazine, HeadClick pays $2.50to the transaction management system 100.

On May 1, 2006, the ad creative P was served on two different websites:a publisher called BigNews (id 5, line_item id 6) within the HeadNet adnetwork, and a publisher called EasySearch (id 7, line_item 8) within anad network called Hambone (id 9). There is a line_item (id 10) allowingthe HeadNet ad network to send traffic to the Hambone ad network. Theaccounting application 118 recorded a total of 50 conversions on the adcreative P for May 1, 2006. Specifically, the accounting applicationtracked the number of times consumers converted the ad creative P andgenerated a network table as shown below (N=Ad network; B=Buyer;S=Seller):

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Conversions Rev May 1 2 3 6 30 30 * $2.00 =$60.00 May 1 2 3 10 20 20 * $2.00 = $40.00 May 1 Totals: 50 $100.00

Even though the accounting application 118 recorded a total of 50conversions for May 1, the HeadClick advertiser recorded 40 conversionsfor this date. A user (e.g., an employee associated with the HeadClickadvertiser or the transaction management system 100) enters a requestfor an adjustment with click units and a value of 40 through a userinterface provided by the accounting application 118.

Once the adjustment request is entered, the accounting application 118performs a series of computations to determine how the deficit of $20.00($80.00−$100.00) is to be distributed amongst the various businessentities that functioned as buyers with respect to the HeadNet adnetwork during the various transactions involving the ad creative P. Inthis example, the transaction management system 100 only distributes thedeficit amongst the business entities that belong to the HeadNet adnetwork, that is, BigNews publisher and Hambone ad network. The deficitis not distributed to the EasySearch publisher that belongs to theHambone ad network.

The accounting application 118 first computes the weighted adjustment asfollows: weighted adjustment=(# of HeadClick-recorded conversions−# ofTMS-recorded conversions)/(# of TMS-recordedconversions)=(40−50)/50=−10/50=−0.2

The accounting application 118 then computes the adjustments to be madeper business entity within the HeadNet ad network on a given day usingthe weighted adjustment and rounds each result up or down as follows: ifthe fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction ofthe result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an even number, round up; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number,round down; if the fraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an even number, round up. After theadjustments and rounding, the accounting application generates anadjusted network table as shown below:

N B S Day (id) (id) (id) Clicks Rev May 1 2 3 6 30 30 * $2.00 = $60.00May 1 2 3 6 30 * −0.2 = −6 −6 * $2.00 = −$12.00 May 1 2 3 10 20 20 *$2.00 = $40.00 May 1 2 3 10 20 * −0.2 = −4 −4 * $2.00 = −$8.00 May 1 30− 6 + $80.00 Totals: 20 − 4 = 40

The adjusted network table shows that 40 conversions have been accountedfor. The transaction management system 100 has to obtain $12.00 from theBigNews publisher to pass on to the HeadClick advertiser; transactionmanagement system 100 has to obtain $8.00 from the Hambone ad network topass on to the HeadClick advertiser.

(4) Five-Day Adjustment with Conversion Units

An advertiser called HeadClick (id 1), within an ad network calledHeadNet (id 2), has a line_item (id 3) with the transaction managementsystem 100 that is a cost-per-action (CPA) deal for a particular adcreative (“ad creative Q”). The conversion (id 4) is a magazinesubscription. According to the CPA deal, each time a consumer convertsthe ad creative Q by subscribing to the magazine, HeadClick pays $2.00to the transaction management system 100.

On May 1, 2006 through May 5, 2006, inclusive, the ad creative Q wasserved on two different websites: a publisher called BigNews (id 5,line_item id 6) within the HeadNet ad network, and a publisher calledEasySearch (id 7, line_item 8) within an ad network called Hambone (id9). There is a line_item (id 10) allowing the HeadNet ad network to sendtraffic to the Hambone ad network. The accounting application 118recorded a total of 100 conversions on the ad creative Q for the periodstarting with May 1, 2006 and ending with May 5, 2006, inclusive.Specifically, the accounting application tracked the number of timesconsumers converted the ad creative Q and generated a network table asshown below (N=Ad network; B=Buyer; S=Seller):

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Conversions Rev May 1 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 1 Totals: 20 $40.00 May 2 23 6 14 14 * $2.00 = $28.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 2Totals: 24 $48.00 May 3 2 3 6 6 6 * $2.00 = $12.00 May 3 2 3 10 10 10 *$2.00 = $20.00 May 3 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 4 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 4 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 4 Totals: 20 $40.00 May 5 23 6 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 5 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 5Totals: 20 $40.00 May 1–5 Totals: 100 $200.00

Even though the accounting application 118 recorded a total of 100conversions for May 1, the HeadClick advertiser recorded 80 conversionsfor this date. A user (e.g., an employee associated with the HeadClickadvertiser or the transaction management system 100) enters a requestfor an adjustment with click units and a value of 80 through a userinterface provided by the accounting application 118.

Once the adjustment request is entered, the accounting application 118performs a series of computations to determine how the deficit of $40.00($160.00−$200.00) is to be distributed amongst the various businessentities that functioned as buyers with respect to the HeadNet adnetwork during the various transactions involving the ad creative P. Inthis example, the transaction management system 100 only distributes thedeficit amongst the business entities that belong to the HeadNet adnetwork, that is, BigNews publisher and Hambone ad network. The deficitis not distributed to the EasySearch publisher that belongs to theHambone ad network.

The accounting application 118 first computes the weighted adjustment asfollows: weighted adjustment=(# of HeadClick-recorded conversions−# ofTMS-recorded conversions)/(# of TMS-recordedconversions)=(80−100)/100=−20/100=−0.2

The accounting application 118 then computes the adjustments to be madeper business entity within the HeadNet ad network on a given day usingthe weighted adjustment and rounds each result up or down as follows: ifthe fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction ofthe result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an even number, round up; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number,round down; if the fraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an even number, round up. After theadjustments and rounding, the accounting application generates anadjusted network table as shown below:

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Conversions Rev May 1 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 1 2 3 6 12 * −0.2 = −2.4~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 * −0.2 = −1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 =−$4.00 May 1 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 2 2 3 6 14 14 * $2.00 = $28.00 May 22 3 6 14 * −0.2 = −2.8~−3 −3 * $2.00 = −$6.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00= $20.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 2 Totals:19 $38.00 May 3 2 3 6  6 6 * $2.00 = $12.00 May 3 2 3 6 6 * −0.2 =−1.2~−1 −1 * $2.00 = −$2.00 May 3 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 3 23 10 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 3 Totals: 13 $26.00 May 4 23 6 12 12 * $2.00 = $24.00 May 4 2 3 6 12 * −0.2 = −2.4~−2 −2 * $2.00 =−$4.00 May 4 2 3 10  8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 4 2 3 10 8 * −0.2 =−1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 4 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 5 2 3 6 10 10 *$2.00 = $20.00 May 5 2 3 6 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 5 2 310 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 5 2 3 10 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 =−$4.00 May 5 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 1–5 Totals: 80 $160.00

The adjusted network table shows that 80 conversions have been accountedfor. The transaction management system 100 has to obtain $20.00 from theBigNews publisher to pass on to the HeadClick advertiser; transactionmanagement system 100 has to obtain $20.00 from the Hambone ad networkto pass on to the HeadClick advertiser.

(5) Five-Day Adjustment with Conversion Units

An advertiser called HeadClick (id 1), within an ad network calledHeadNet (id 2), has a line_item (id 3) with the transaction managementsystem 100 that is a cost-per-action (CPA) deal for a particular adcreative (“ad creative Q”). The conversion (id 4) is a magazinesubscription. According to the CPA deal, each time a consumer convertsthe ad creative Q by subscribing to the magazine, HeadClick pays $2.50to the transaction management system 100.

On May 1, 2006 through May 5, 2006, inclusive, the ad creative Q wasserved on two different websites: a publisher called BigNews (id 5,line_item id 6) within the HeadNet ad network, and a publisher calledEasySearch (id 7, line_item 8) within an ad network called Hambone (id9). There is a line_item (id 10) allowing the HeadNet ad network to sendtraffic to the Hambone ad network. The accounting application 118recorded a total of 100 conversions on the ad creative Q for the periodstarting with May 1, 2006 and ending with May 5, 2006, inclusive.Specifically, the accounting application tracked the number of timesconsumers converted the ad creative Q and generated a network table asshown below (N=Ad network; B=Buyer; S=Seller):

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Conversions Rev May 1 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 1 Totals: 20 $40.00 May 2 23 6 14 14 * $2.00 = $28.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 2Totals: 24 $48.00 May 3 2 3 6 9 9 * $2.00 = $18.00 May 3 2 3 10 8 8 *$2.00 = $16.00 May 3 Totals: 17 $34.00 May 4 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 4 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 4 Totals: 20 $40.00 May 5 23 6 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 5 2 3 10 9 9 * $2.00 = $18.00 May 5Totals: 19 $38.00 May 1–5 Totals: 100 $200.00

Even though the accounting application 118 recorded a total of 100conversions for May 1, the HeadClick advertiser recorded 80 conversionsfor this date. A user (e.g., an employee associated with the HeadClickadvertiser or the transaction management system 100) enters a requestfor an adjustment with click units and a value of 80 through a userinterface provided by the accounting application 118.

Once the adjustment request is entered, the accounting application 118performs a series of computations to determine how the deficit of $40.00($160.00−$200.00) is to be distributed amongst the various businessentities that functioned as buyers with respect to the HeadNet adnetwork during the various transactions involving the ad creative P. Inthis example, the transaction management system 100 only distributes thedeficit amongst the business entities that belong to the HeadNet adnetwork, that is, BigNews publisher and Hambone ad network. The deficitis not distributed to the EasySearch publisher that belongs to theHambone ad network.

The accounting application 118 first computes the weighted adjustment asfollows: weighted adjustment=(# of HeadClick-recorded conversions−# ofTMS-recorded conversions)/(# of TMS-recordedconversions)=(80−100)/100=−20/100=−0.2.

The accounting application 118 first computes the adjustments to be madeper day using the weighted adjustment and rounds each result up or downas follows: if the fraction of the result is greater than or equal to0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number, round down;if the fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and thewhole number of the fraction is an even number, round up; if thefraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an even number,round up.

May 1 existing total: 20*−0.2=−4May 2 existing total: 24*−0.2=−4.8˜−5May 3 existing total: 17*−0.2=−3.4˜−3May 4 existing total: 20*−0.2=−4May 5 existing total: 19*−0.2=−3.8˜−4

The accounting application 118 then computes the adjustments to be madeper business entity within the HeadNet ad network on a given day usingthe weighted adjustment and rounds each result up or down as follows: ifthe fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction ofthe result is greater than or equal to 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an even number, round up; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number,round down; if the fraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the wholenumber of the fraction is an even number, round up. After theadjustments and rounding, the accounting application generates anadjusted network table as shown below:

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Conversions Rev May 1 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 1 2 3 6 12 * −0.2 = −2.4~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 * −0.2 = −1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 =−$4.00 May 1 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 2 2 3 6 14 14 * $2.00 = $28.00 May 22 3 6 14 * −0.2 = −2.8~−3 −3 * $2.00 = −$6.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00= $20.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 2 Totals:19 $38.00 May 3 2 3 6  9 9 * $2.00 = $18.00 May 3 2 3 6 9 * −0.2 =−1.8~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 3 2 3 10  8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 3 2 310 8 * −0.2 = −1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 3 Totals: 13 $26.00 May 42 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 = $24.00 May 4 2 3 6 12 * −0.2 = −2.4~−2 −2 * $2.00= −$4.00 May 4 2 3 10  8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 4 2 3 10 8 * −0.2 =−1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 4 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 5 2 3 6 10 10 *$2.00 = $20.00 May 5 2 3 6 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 5 2 310  9 9 * $2.00 = $18.00 May 5 2 3 10 9 * −0.2 = −1 −1 * $2.00 = −$2.00May 5 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 1–5 Totals: 80 $160.00

The adjusted network table shows that 80 conversions have been accountedfor. However, it should be noted that the accounting application 118expects a 3 conversion deficit on May 3 (based on the adjustment per daycomputation), whereas the adjusted network table above shows a 4conversion deficit on May 3 (based on the adjustment per entity per daycomputation). The accounting application 118 issues a reconciliation of+1 for the HeadNet ad network on May 3, resulting in the followingreconciled adjusted network table:

Day N (id) B (id) S (id) Conversions Rev May 1 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 =$24.00 May 1 2 3 6 12 * −0.2 = −2.4~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 1 2 3 10 8 * −0.2 = −1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 =−$4.00 May 1 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 2 2 3 6 14 14 * $2.00 = $28.00 May 22 3 6 14 * −0.2 = −2.8~−3 −3 * $2.00 = −$6.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 10 * $2.00= $20.00 May 2 2 3 10 10 * −0.2 = −2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 2 Totals:19 $38.00 May 3 2 3 6  9 9 * $2.00 = $18.00 May 3 2 3 6 9 * −0.2 =−1.8~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 3 2 3 10  8 8 * $2.00 = $16.00 May 3 2 310 8 * −0.2 = −1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 3 2 3 −2  1 1 * $2.00 =$2.00 May 3 Totals: 14 $28.00 May 4 2 3 6 12 12 * $2.00 = $24.00 May 4 23 6 12 * −0.2 = −2.4~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 4 2 3 10  8 8 * $2.00 =$16.00 May 4 2 3 10 8 * −0.2 = −1.6~−2 −2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 4 Totals:16 $32.00 May 5 2 3 6 10 10 * $2.00 = $20.00 May 5 2 3 6 10 * −0.2 = −2−2 * $2.00 = −$4.00 May 5 2 3 10  9 9 * $2.00 = $18.00 May 5 2 3 10 9 *−0.21 = −1 −1 * $2.00 = −$2.00 May 5 Totals: 16 $32.00 May 1–5 Totals:81 $162.00

The transaction management system 100 has to obtain $20.00 from theBigNews publisher to pass on to the HeadClick advertiser; transactionmanagement system 100 has to obtain $20.00 from the Hambone ad networkto pass on to the HeadClick advertiser.

Although the examples provided above describe certain roundingtechniques (e.g., if the fraction of the result is greater than or equalto 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an odd number, rounddown; if the fraction of the result is greater than or equal to 0.5 andthe whole number of the fraction is an even number, round up; if thefraction of the result is less than 0.5 and the whole number of thefraction is an odd number, round down; if the fraction of the result isless than 0.5 and the whole number of the fraction is an even number,round up), other rounding techniques may also be applied. One examplerounding technique that may be used in a multi-day adjustment processinvolves rounding the values down until the sum of the remainders ismore than 1, then rounding up. On the last day of the multi-dayadjustment process, the rounding technique involves adding theremainders to the current number and rounding down. The remainder isthen added to a “slough” account so that the overall number ties out atthe end of the day.

Although the transaction management system 100 is described as adjustingrevenue based on units of impressions, clicks, conversions, and revenue,the system may be implemented to adjust revenue based on any arbitraryunit, and in some discretionary pricing models, independent of any unit.

In addition to the revenue adjustment process, the transactionmanagement system 100 may also implement a delivery mechanism thataccounts for any revenue adjustments. As an example, if a 5% positiveadjustment is made to a $1.00 CPM campaign, the transaction managementsystem 100 will optimize the campaign as if it would get $1.05 CPM. Thetransaction management system 100 pays the ad networks as if it were a$1.05 CPM deal, but book it for itself and its managed publishers at$1.00 so that the manual adjustment flows through properly.

Although the techniques are described above in the online advertisingcontext, the techniques are also applicable in any number of differentelectronic exchanges in which products, commodities or services areoffered for purchase or sale.

The techniques described herein can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or incombinations of them. The techniques can be implemented as a computerprogram product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in aninformation carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in apropagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of,data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer,or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form ofprogramming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, andit can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or asa module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in acomputing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executedon one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributedacross multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

Method steps of the techniques described herein can be performed by oneor more programmable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions of the invention by operating on input data and generatingoutput. Method steps can also be performed by, and apparatus of theinvention can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g.,an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specificintegrated circuit). Modules can refer to portions of the computerprogram and/or the processor/special circuitry that implements thatfunctionality.

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carrierssuitable for embodying computer program instructions and data includeall forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks;magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor andthe memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in special purposelogic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, the techniques described hereincan be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT(cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, fordisplaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device,e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to thecomputer (e.g., interact with a user interface element, for example, byclicking a button on such a pointing device). Other kinds of devices canbe used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example,feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g.,visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input fromthe user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, ortactile input.

The techniques described herein can be implemented in a distributedcomputing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a dataserver, and/or a middleware component, e.g., an application server,and/or a front-end component, e.g., a client computer 110 having agraphical user interface and/or a Web browser through which a user caninteract with an implementation of the invention, or any combination ofsuch back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components ofthe system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital datacommunication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communicationnetworks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network(“WAN”), e.g., the Internet, and include both wired and wirelessnetworks.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interact overa communication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. Thefollowing are examples for illustration only and not to limit thealternatives in any way. The techniques described herein can beperformed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.

1. In a system that provides an open exchange environment to connectbusiness entities through a network, a computer-implemented methodcomprising: performing a revenue adjustment process to distribute one ofa revenue surplus or a revenue deficit amongst business entitiesinvolved in one or more transactions from which the one of the revenuesurplus or the revenue deficit originates over a predefined timeinterval, the performing including: identifying a set of businessentities involved in the one or more transactions to which the one ofthe revenue surplus or the revenue deficit is to be distributed; anddetermining a proportion of the one of the revenue surplus or therevenue deficit to which each business entity of the set is distributed.2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more transactionsinvolves an online advertisement creative to be displayed on a web pageassociated with one of the business entities of the set.
 3. The methodof claim 1, wherein the business entities involved in the one or moretransactions comprise an advertiser, one or more advertisement networks,and one or more publishers.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: theadvertiser has a relationship with a first of the one or moreadvertisement networks, the relationship being defined in part by a lineitem related to an online advertisement creative being offered fordisplay on a web page.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the line itemcomprises a unit price for the online advertisement creative, the unitprice being adjusted based on one of the following units: impressions,clicks, conversions, and revenue.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein: atleast one of the one or more publishers has a relationship with thefirst of the one or more advertisement networks, the relationship beingdefined in part by a line item related to an online advertisement spaceof a web page.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein: at least one of theone or more publishers has a relationship with a second of the one ormore advertisement networks, the relationship being defined in part by aline item related to an online advertisement space of a web page.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, wherein identifying the set of business entitiescomprises: excluding, from the set of business entities to which the oneof the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit is to be distributed, anypublisher that has an exclusive relationship with the second of the oneor more advertisement networks.
 9. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising: measuring, by the system, an amount of activity related tothe online advertisement creative during the predefined time interval.10. The method of claim 9, wherein the system-measured amount ofactivity is expressed as a value with a unit identifier, the unitidentifier being based on one of the following: impressions, clicks,conversions, and revenue.
 11. The method of claim 2, further comprising:receiving a request for a revenue adjustment from an advertiserassociated with the online advertisement creative.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the revenue adjustment request provides anadvertiser-measured amount of activity, associated with the onlineadvertisement creative over the predefined time interval, expressed as avalue with a unit identifier, the unit identifier being based on one ofthe following: impressions, clicks, conversions, and revenue.e
 13. Themethod of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more transactions involvesa particular product, commodity or service that is being offered forpurchase or sale by a first of the business entities.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, further comprising: identifying a system-measured aggregateamount of activity associated with the particular product, commodity orservice over the predefined time interval.
 15. The method of claim 13,further comprising: measuring, by the system, the amount of activityassociated with the particular product, commodity or service for each ofthe business entities of the set over each of one or more portions ofthe predefined time interval.
 16. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising: receiving a request for a revenue adjustment from the firstof the business entities, the revenue adjustment request identifying afirst-entity-measured aggregate amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service over the predefined timeinterval.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein determining a proportionof the one of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit to which eachbusiness entity of the set is distributed comprises: calculating aweighted adjustment; and for each business entity, generating aninterval-based activity amount disparity by applying the weightedadjustment to a system-measured amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service for that business entity duringeach of the one or more portions of the predefined time interval; anddetermining the proportion of the one of the revenue surplus or therevenue deficit to which the business entity is distributed based on theinterval-based activity amount disparity generated for each of the oneor more portions of the predefined time interval.
 18. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the weighed adjustment is calculated according to theformula (x−y)/y, where x is a value that represents afirst-entity-measured aggregate amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service over the predefined timeinterval, and y is a value that represent a system-measured aggregateamount of activity associated with the particular product, commodity orservice over the predefined time interval.
 19. A machine-readable mediumthat stores executable instructions to cause a machine in a system thatprovides an open exchange environment to connect business entitiesthrough a network to: perform a revenue adjustment process to distributeone of a revenue surplus or a revenue deficit amongst business entitiesinvolved in one or more transactions from which the one of the revenuesurplus or the revenue deficit originates over a predefined timeinterval, the instructions to perform the revenue adjustment processincluding instructions to: identify a set of business entities involvedin the one or more transactions to which the one of the revenue surplusor the revenue deficit is to be distributed; and determine a proportionof the one of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit to which eachbusiness entity of the set is distributed.
 20. The machine-readablemedium of claim 19, wherein each of the one or more transactionsinvolves an online advertisement creative to be displayed on a web pageassociated with one of the business entities of the set.
 21. Themachine-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the business entitiesinvolved in the one or more transactions comprise an advertiser, one ormore advertisement networks, and one or more publishers.
 22. Themachine-readable medium of claim 21, wherein: the advertiser has arelationship with a first of the one or more advertisement networks, therelationship being defined in part by a line item related to an onlineadvertisement creative being offered for display on a web page.
 23. Themachine-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the line item comprises aunit price for the online advertisement creative, the unit price beingadjusted based on one of the following units: impressions, clicks,conversions, and revenue.
 24. The machine-readable medium of claim 22:at least one of the one or more publishers has a relationship with thefirst of the one or more advertisement networks, the relationship beingdefined in part by a line item related to an online advertisement spaceof a web page.
 25. The machine-readable medium of claim 22: at least oneof the one or more publishers has a relationship with a second of theone or more advertisement networks, the relationship being defined inpart by a line item related to an online advertisement space of a webpage.
 26. The machine-readable medium of claim 25, wherein theinstructions to identify the set of business entities comprisesinstructions to: exclude, from the set of business entities to which theone of the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit is to be distributed,any publisher that has an exclusive relationship with the second of theone or more advertisement networks.
 27. The machine-readable medium ofclaim 21, further comprising instructions to: measure, by the system, anamount of activity related to the online advertisement creative duringthe predefined time interval.
 28. The machine-readable medium of claim27, wherein the system-measured amount of activity is expressed as avalue with a unit identifier, the unit identifier being based on one ofthe following: impressions, clicks, conversions, and revenue.
 29. Themachine-readable medium of claim 21, further comprising instructions to:receive a request for a revenue adjustment from an advertiser associatedwith the online advertisement creative.
 30. The machine-readable mediumof claim 29, wherein the revenue adjustment request provides anadvertiser-measured amount of activity, associated with the onlineadvertisement creative over the predefined time interval, expressed as avalue with a unit identifier, the unit identifier being based on one ofthe following: impressions, clicks, conversions, and revenue.
 31. Themachine-readable medium of claim 19, wherein each of the one or moretransactions involves a particular product, commodity or service that isbeing offered for purchase or sale by a first of the business entities.32. The machine-readable medium of claim 31, further comprisinginstructions to: identify a system-measured aggregate amount of activityassociated with the particular product, commodity or service over thepredefined time interval.
 33. The machine-readable medium of claim 31,further comprising instructions to: measure, by the system, the amountof activity associated with the particular product, commodity or servicefor each of the business entities of the set over each of one or moreportions of the predefined time interval.
 34. The machine-readablemedium of claim 31, further comprising instructions to: receive arequest for a revenue adjustment from the first of the businessentities, the revenue adjustment request identifying afirst-entity-measured aggregate amount of activity associated with theparticular product, commodity or service over the predefined timeinterval.
 35. The machine-readable medium of claim 31, whereininstructions to determine a proportion of the one of the revenue surplusor the revenue deficit to which each business entity of the set isdistributed comprises instructions to: calculate a weighted adjustment;and for each business entity, generate an interval-based activity amountdisparity by applying the weighted adjustment to a system-measuredamount of activity associated with the particular product, commodity orservice for that business entity during each of the one or more portionsof the predefined time interval; and determine the proportion of the oneof the revenue surplus or the revenue deficit to which the businessentity is distributed based on the interval-based activity amountdisparity generated for each of the one or more portions of thepredefined time interval.
 36. The machine-readable medium of claim 35,wherein the weighed adjustment is calculated according to the formula(x−y)/y, where x is a value that represents a first-entity-measuredaggregate amount of activity associated with the particular product,commodity or service over the predefined time interval, and y is a valuethat represent a system-measured aggregate amount of activity associatedwith the particular product, commodity or service over the predefinedtime interval.